^ de Passalacqua 1990, pp. 149–150. ^ Revised Statutes 1902, p. 303. ^ a b de Passalacqua 1990, p. 146. ^ a b c d Hein 2009, p. 448. ^ Venator-Santiago 2013, pp. 18–19. ^ Venator-Santiago 2017, p. 517. ^ de Passalacqua 1990, p. 147. ^ Cardona-Arroyo 2019, pp. 72–73. ^ Hein 2009, p. 450. ^ Hein 2009, pp. 450–451. ^ de Passalacqua 1990, p. 150. ^ Venator-Santiago 2013, p. 13. ^ Hein 2009, p.

San Juan, Puerto Rico: Fundación Educativa Antonio Fernós Isern. ISBN 978-1-934461-66-2. Criollo Oquero, Agustín (November 22, 2016). "Breve historia del Código Civil de Puerto Rico" [Brief History of the Civil Code of Puerto Rico]. Caribbean Business (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on March 14, 2021. de Passalacqua, John L. (Fall 1990). "The Involuntary Loss of United States Citizenship of Puerto Ricans upon Accession to Independence by Puerto Rico" (PDF). Denver Journal of International Law & Policy.

Denver, Colorado: University of Denver College of Law. 19 (1): 139–161. ISSN 0196-2035. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 14, 2021. de Passalacqua, John L. (1997). "Voluntary Renunciation of United States Citizenship by Puerto Rican Nationals". Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico School of Law. 66 (2): 269–304. ISSN 0886-2516 – via HeinOnline.

Figueroa-Torres, Marta (May 2008). "Recodification of Civil Law in Puerto Rico: A Quixotic Pursuit of the Civil Code for the New Millennium" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Comparative Law. Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University Faculty of Law. 12 (1): 1–19. ISSN 1387-3091. OCLC 785897714. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2021. Font-Guzman, Jacqueline N. ; Aleman, Yanira (Spring 2010).

Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Law School. 11 (1): 15–43. ISSN 0742-7115. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021. Bickel, Alexander M. (1973). "Citizenship in the American Constitution" (PDF). Arizona Law Review. Tucson, Arizona: James E. Rogers College of Law. 15 (2): 369–387. ISSN 0004-153X. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021.

"Human Rights Violations in Puerto Rico: Agency from the Margins". Journal of Law & Social Challenge. San Francisco, California: University of San Francisco School of Law (12): 107–149. ISSN 1520-0159. Retrieved March 17, 2021 – via HeinOnline. Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (January 1979). "Sexual Equality Under the Fourteenth and Equal Rights Amendments". Washington University Law Review. St. Louis, Missouri: Washington University School of Law (1): 161–178. ISSN 2166-7993.

Foreigners remained foreign nationals. Persons born in Puerto Rico automatically became US nationals, but according to scholar John L. A. de Passalacqua, had no "citizenship whatsoever recognized under international law or even United States municipal law". [24] In 1900, the US Congress passed the first Organic Act, known as the Foraker Act, to regulate the status of Puerto Rico and establish a civilian government.